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LM01 Alternative Investment Features, Methods, and Structures
LM01 Categories, Characteristics, and Compensation Structures of Alternative Investments
LM01 Corporate Structures and Ownership
LM01 Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features
LM01 Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features
LM01 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession
LM01 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession
LM01 Fixed-Income Instrument Features
LM01 Fixed-Income Securities: Defining Elements
LM01 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
LM01 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
LM01 Market Organization & Structure
LM01 Market Organization and Structure
LM01 Organizational Forms, Corporate Issuer Features, and Ownership
LM01 Portfolio Management Overview
LM01 Portfolio Management: An Overview
LM01 Rates and Returns
LM01 The Firm & Market Structures
LM01 Time Value of Money
LM01 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis
LM02 Alternative Investment Performance and Returns
LM02 Analyzing Income Statements
LM02 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct
LM02 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct Profession
LM02 Financial Reporting Standards
LM02 Fixed Income Markets - Issuance Trading and Funding
LM02 Fixed-Income Cash Flows and Types
LM02 Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments
LM02 Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments
LM02 Introduction to Corporate Governance and Other ESG Considerations
LM02 Investors and Other Stakeholders
LM02 Organizing, Visualizing, and Describing Data
LM02 Performance Calculation and Appraisal of Alternative Investments
LM02 Portfolio Risk & Return: Part I
LM02 Portfolio Risk and Return Part I
LM02 Security Market Indexes
LM02 Security Market Indexes
LM02 The Firm and Market Structures
LM02 Time Value of Money in Finance
LM02 Understanding Business Cycles
LM03 Aggregate Output, Prices and Economic Growth
LM03 Analyzing Balance Sheets
LM03 Business Models & Risks
LM03 Corporate Governance: Conflicts, Mechanisms, Risks, and Benefits
LM03 Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses
LM03 Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses
LM03 Fiscal Policy
LM03 Fixed-Income Issuance and Trading
LM03 Guidance for Standards I-VII
LM03 Guidance for Standards I–VII
LM03 Introduction to Fixed Income Valuation
LM03 Investments in Private Capital: Equity and Debt
LM03 Market Efficiency
LM03 Market Efficiency
LM03 Portfolio Risk & Return: Part II
LM03 Portfolio Risk and Return Part II
LM03 Private Capital, Real Estate, Infrastructure, Natural Resources, and Hedge Funds
LM03 Probability Concepts
LM03 Statistical Measures of Asset Returns
LM03 Understanding Income Statements
LM04 An Introduction to Asset-Backed Securities
LM04 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I
LM04 Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives
LM04 Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives
LM04 Basics of Portfolio Planning & Construction
LM04 Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction
LM04 Capital Investments
LM04 Common Probability Distributions
LM04 Fixed-Income Markets for Corporate Issuers
LM04 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
LM04 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
LM04 Monetary Policy
LM04 Overview of Equity Securities
LM04 Overview of Equity Securities
LM04 Probability Trees and Conditional Expectations
LM04 Real Estate and Infrastructure
LM04 Understanding Balance Sheets
LM04 Understanding Business Cycles
LM04 Working Capital and Liquidity.
LM05 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II
LM05 Capital Investments and Capital Allocation
LM05 Company Analysis: Past and Present
LM05 Fixed-Income Markets for Government Issuers
LM05 Introduction to Geopolitics
LM05 Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis
LM05 Monetary and Fiscal Policy
LM05 Natural Resources
LM05 Portfolio Mathematics
LM05 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts and for an Underlying with Varying Maturities
LM05 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts.
LM05 Sampling and Estimation
LM05 The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
LM05 The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
LM05 Understanding Cash Flow Statements
LM05 Understanding Fixed-Income Risk and Return
LM05 Working Capital & Liquidity
LM06 Analysis of Inventories
LM06 Capital Structure
LM06 Cost of Capital-Foundational Topics
LM06 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
LM06 Financial Analysis Techniques
LM06 Fixed-Income Bond Valuation: Prices and Yields
LM06 Fundamentals of Credit Analysis
LM06 Hedge Funds
LM06 Hypothesis Testing
LM06 Industry and Competitive Analysis
LM06 International Trade
LM06 Introduction to Geopolitics
LM06 Introduction to Risk Management
LM06 Introduction to Risk Management
LM06 Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts
LM06 Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts
LM06 Simulation Methods
LM07 Analysis of Long-Term Assets
LM07 Business Models
LM07 Capital Flows and the FX Market
LM07 Capital Structure
LM07 Company Analysis: Forecasting
LM07 Estimation and Inference
LM07 International Trade and Capital Flows
LM07 Introduction to Digital Assets
LM07 Introduction to Linear Regression
LM07 Inventories
LM07 Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rate and Other Swaps
LM07 Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rates and Other Swaps
LM07 Technical Analysis
LM07 Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Fixed-Rate Bonds.
LM08 Currency Exchange Rates
LM08 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
LM08 Exchange Rate Calculations
LM08 Fintech in Investment Management
LM08 Hypothesis Testing
LM08 Long Lived Assets
LM08 Measures of Leverage
LM08 Pricing and Valuation of Options
LM08 Pricing and Valuation of Options
LM08 Topics in Long-Term Liabilities and Equity
LM08 Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments
LM09 Analysis of Income Taxes
LM09 Income Taxes
LM09 Option Replication Using Put-Call Parity
LM09 Option Replication Using Put–Call Parity
LM09 Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests of Independence
LM09 The Term Structure of Interest Rates: Spot, Par, and Forward Curves
LM10 Financial Reporting Quality
LM10 Interest Rate Risk and Return
LM10 Non-current (Long-Term) Liabilities
LM10 Simple Linear Regression
LM10 Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model
LM10 Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model
LM11 Financial Analysis Techniques
LM11 Financial Reporting Quality
LM11 Introduction to Big Data Techniques
LM11 Yield-Based Bond Duration Measures and Properties
LM12 Applications of Financial Statement Analysis
LM12 Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling
LM12 Yield-Based Bond Convexity and Portfolio Properties
LM13 Curve-Based and Empirical Fixed-Income Risk Measures
LM14 Credit Risk
LM15 Credit Analysis for Government Issuers
LM16 Credit Analysis for Corporate Issuers
LM17 Fixed-Income Securitization
LM18 Asset-Backed Security (ABS) Instrument and Market Features
LM19 Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS) Instrument and Market Features
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CFA Blog of IFT

17-10-24 Failed the Level III Exam? Sorry To Hear That…

Failed the Level III Exam? Sorry To Hear That…

Level III is a strange exam. In fact, this is the only exam where I come across some very smart and hardworking people failing. This has to do with the format of the exam. Those who study a lot, know a lot and end up writing a lot.  The problem with this approach is that a candidate might do half the paper really well but scramble through the rest… possibly leaving a few questions altogether. The most you can get on a good response is 100%.  If you leave an answer blank you get 0%.  The bottom line is that… Read More

Level III

10-10-24 Your August 2024 Level II Exam Results

Your August 2024 Level II Exam Results

The August 2024 CFA Level II exam results have been announced. If you know your result, then you have either experienced the joy of passing or the disappointment of falling short. The result time is always slightly awkward for me – because I share the happiness of those who did well, while at the same time, I feel for those who did not make it. For those who took the Level II exam, you will fall in one of the categories given below. Please click on the link that describes your situation. It is possible that a few of you… Read More

Level II

10-10-24 Advice for those who passed the Level II exam

Advice for those who passed the Level II exam

To begin, I would like to congratulate you. You have passed the Level II exam, a significant accomplishment. Your next major goal should be to clear the Level III exam. The next available Level III exam is in February 2025, so that is roughly 4 months away. If you feel you have a rhythm going, then don’t wait, register and start studying. If you want to take a longer time to complete the curriculum and revision then register for the exam in August 2025. Now let us talk a little about Level III. There is a common perception that Level… Read More

Level II

10-10-24 Advice for those who didn’t pass the Level II exam

Advice for those who didn’t pass the Level II exam

If you failed the Level II exam your natural response is probably to feel disappointed. You might even be wondering whether or not you should continue with the CFA Program. The typical advice is to keep trying; however, I suggest a more thoughtful approach. Put the result on the side for a moment and ask yourself: Did I really enjoy the subject matter? Try doing a post-audit on why you did not pass. Was it because you did not have enough time to prepare for the exam? Or did you have a very hard time understanding the concepts? Is the… Read More

Level II

08-10-24 Your August 2024 Level I Exam Results

Your August 2024 Level I Exam Results

CFA Institute has announced the results for the August 2024 Level I exam. If you know your result, then you have either experienced the joy of passing or the disappointment of falling short. The result time is always slightly awkward for me – because I share the happiness of those who did well, while at the same time, I feel for those who did not make it. You will fall in one of the categories given below. Please click on the link that describes your situation. It is possible that a few of you might not have received your result… Read More

Level I

08-10-24 Advice for those who passed the Aug’24 Level I exam

Advice for those who passed the Aug’24 Level I exam

Congratulations! Passing the Level I exam is the first major milestone on your journey toward the CFA charter and is a major accomplishment. At this stage, you might be wondering whether to take the Level II exam in May 2025(earliest possible) or later, and if so, when to start studying. Whether or not to take the Level II exam in May 2025 should depend on the following: Did you enjoy the Level I material and are you still excited about pursuing a career in investment management? Given your personal and professional commitments, will you have enough time to study for… Read More

Level I

08-10-24 Advice for those who didn’t pass the Aug’24 Level I exam

Advice for those who didn’t pass the Aug’24 Level I exam

If you failed the Level I exam it is natural to feel disappointed, but you must put this temporary setback behind you and move on. Failure was never meant to be a signal to turn back, but instead, an obstacle that the stronger and wiser use to boost themselves up and attain greater heights. Your recent failure might cause you to wonder whether or not to continue with the CFA Program, and if so when to retake the exam. Let us consider the first question: whether to continue with the CFA Program or not. For those who did not pass,… Read More

Level I

23-09-24 Introducing Our Weekly Market Review Videos

Introducing Our Weekly Market Review Videos

  We are thrilled to welcome you to our Weekly Market Review Video Series: “What’s Moving the Markets”, a feature designed to help you navigate the complexities of the financial markets with ease and confidence. What is it about? Every Monday morning, our video will deliver a concise and insightful review of the past week’s market movements. We’ll break down the key drivers of market trends, connect them to relevant CFA curriculum concepts, and provide actionable insights to help you prepare for the coming week. Whether it’s economic data releases, geopolitical events, or corporate earnings, we’ll cover what matters most…. Read More

Leave a Comment Level II

07-01-24 Past Level III Constructed Response or Essay Exam Questions

Past Level III Constructed Response or Essay Exam Questions

At Level III, CFA Institute challenges you in a unique way – the formidable Constructed Response or Essay Exam format. One very common way to prepare for which students use is to look at past papers which were made available.  However, as you know, the exam curriculum changes each year and hence you need to know which questions are still relevant. You need to find the questions that are still covered in the current LOs and doing this is not an easy task for you. The good news is that IFT has done this for you. We have created the… Read More

Level III, Uncategorized
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