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LM01 Alternative Investment Features, Methods, and Structures
LM01 Categories, Characteristics, and Compensation Structures of Alternative Investments
LM01 Corporate Structures and Ownership
LM01 Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features
LM01 Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features
LM01 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession
LM01 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession
LM01 Fixed-Income Instrument Features
LM01 Fixed-Income Securities: Defining Elements
LM01 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
LM01 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
LM01 Market Organization & Structure
LM01 Market Organization and Structure
LM01 Organizational Forms, Corporate Issuer Features, and Ownership
LM01 Portfolio Management Overview
LM01 Portfolio Management: An Overview
LM01 Rates and Returns
LM01 The Firm & Market Structures
LM01 Time Value of Money
LM01 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis
LM02 Alternative Investment Performance and Returns
LM02 Analyzing Income Statements
LM02 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct
LM02 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct Profession
LM02 Financial Reporting Standards
LM02 Fixed Income Markets - Issuance Trading and Funding
LM02 Fixed-Income Cash Flows and Types
LM02 Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments
LM02 Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments
LM02 Introduction to Corporate Governance and Other ESG Considerations
LM02 Investors and Other Stakeholders
LM02 Organizing, Visualizing, and Describing Data
LM02 Performance Calculation and Appraisal of Alternative Investments
LM02 Portfolio Risk & Return: Part I
LM02 Portfolio Risk and Return Part I
LM02 Security Market Indexes
LM02 Security Market Indexes
LM02 The Firm and Market Structures
LM02 Time Value of Money in Finance
LM02 Understanding Business Cycles
LM03 Aggregate Output, Prices and Economic Growth
LM03 Analyzing Balance Sheets
LM03 Business Models & Risks
LM03 Corporate Governance: Conflicts, Mechanisms, Risks, and Benefits
LM03 Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses
LM03 Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses
LM03 Fiscal Policy
LM03 Fixed-Income Issuance and Trading
LM03 Guidance for Standards I-VII
LM03 Guidance for Standards I–VII
LM03 Introduction to Fixed Income Valuation
LM03 Investments in Private Capital: Equity and Debt
LM03 Market Efficiency
LM03 Market Efficiency
LM03 Portfolio Risk & Return: Part II
LM03 Portfolio Risk and Return Part II
LM03 Private Capital, Real Estate, Infrastructure, Natural Resources, and Hedge Funds
LM03 Probability Concepts
LM03 Statistical Measures of Asset Returns
LM03 Understanding Income Statements
LM04 An Introduction to Asset-Backed Securities
LM04 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I
LM04 Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives
LM04 Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives
LM04 Basics of Portfolio Planning & Construction
LM04 Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction
LM04 Capital Investments
LM04 Common Probability Distributions
LM04 Fixed-Income Markets for Corporate Issuers
LM04 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
LM04 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
LM04 Monetary Policy
LM04 Overview of Equity Securities
LM04 Overview of Equity Securities
LM04 Probability Trees and Conditional Expectations
LM04 Real Estate and Infrastructure
LM04 Understanding Balance Sheets
LM04 Understanding Business Cycles
LM04 Working Capital and Liquidity.
LM05 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II
LM05 Capital Investments and Capital Allocation
LM05 Company Analysis: Past and Present
LM05 Fixed-Income Markets for Government Issuers
LM05 Introduction to Geopolitics
LM05 Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis
LM05 Monetary and Fiscal Policy
LM05 Natural Resources
LM05 Portfolio Mathematics
LM05 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts and for an Underlying with Varying Maturities
LM05 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts.
LM05 Sampling and Estimation
LM05 The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
LM05 The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
LM05 Understanding Cash Flow Statements
LM05 Understanding Fixed-Income Risk and Return
LM05 Working Capital & Liquidity
LM06 Analysis of Inventories
LM06 Capital Structure
LM06 Cost of Capital-Foundational Topics
LM06 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
LM06 Financial Analysis Techniques
LM06 Fixed-Income Bond Valuation: Prices and Yields
LM06 Fundamentals of Credit Analysis
LM06 Hedge Funds
LM06 Hypothesis Testing
LM06 Industry and Competitive Analysis
LM06 International Trade
LM06 Introduction to Geopolitics
LM06 Introduction to Risk Management
LM06 Introduction to Risk Management
LM06 Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts
LM06 Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts
LM06 Simulation Methods
LM07 Analysis of Long-Term Assets
LM07 Business Models
LM07 Capital Flows and the FX Market
LM07 Capital Structure
LM07 Company Analysis: Forecasting
LM07 Estimation and Inference
LM07 International Trade and Capital Flows
LM07 Introduction to Digital Assets
LM07 Introduction to Linear Regression
LM07 Inventories
LM07 Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rate and Other Swaps
LM07 Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rates and Other Swaps
LM07 Technical Analysis
LM07 Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Fixed-Rate Bonds.
LM08 Currency Exchange Rates
LM08 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
LM08 Exchange Rate Calculations
LM08 Fintech in Investment Management
LM08 Hypothesis Testing
LM08 Long Lived Assets
LM08 Measures of Leverage
LM08 Pricing and Valuation of Options
LM08 Pricing and Valuation of Options
LM08 Topics in Long-Term Liabilities and Equity
LM08 Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments
LM09 Analysis of Income Taxes
LM09 Income Taxes
LM09 Option Replication Using Put-Call Parity
LM09 Option Replication Using Put–Call Parity
LM09 Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests of Independence
LM09 The Term Structure of Interest Rates: Spot, Par, and Forward Curves
LM10 Financial Reporting Quality
LM10 Interest Rate Risk and Return
LM10 Non-current (Long-Term) Liabilities
LM10 Simple Linear Regression
LM10 Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model
LM10 Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model
LM11 Financial Analysis Techniques
LM11 Financial Reporting Quality
LM11 Introduction to Big Data Techniques
LM11 Yield-Based Bond Duration Measures and Properties
LM12 Applications of Financial Statement Analysis
LM12 Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling
LM12 Yield-Based Bond Convexity and Portfolio Properties
LM13 Curve-Based and Empirical Fixed-Income Risk Measures
LM14 Credit Risk
LM15 Credit Analysis for Government Issuers
LM16 Credit Analysis for Corporate Issuers
LM17 Fixed-Income Securitization
LM18 Asset-Backed Security (ABS) Instrument and Market Features
LM19 Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS) Instrument and Market Features
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CFA Blog of IFT

26-05-26 CFA Level I – Big Changes in 2027!

CFA Level I – Big Changes in 2027!

Navigating the 2027 CFA Level I Curriculum Changes: What You Need to Know If you are preparing for the 2027 CFA Level I exam, it is important to recognize that the curriculum has undergone some of the most significant revisions in recent years. The CFA Institute has redesigned several areas of the program to better reflect the practical skills expected in today’s investment industry. At IFT, we want to ensure your study strategy is up to date. The updates focus on making the curriculum more application-oriented, technology-aware, and career-relevant. Here is a breakdown of what to expect. A Smoother Start:… Read More

Level I

15-02-26 Master the 2026 Level III CFA® Exam: Your Roadmap to Success

Master the 2026 Level III CFA® Exam: Your Roadmap to Success

If you’re reading this, you’ve reached the final leg of the CFA journey. It’s an incredible achievement, but Level III is a different beast entirely. It’s not just about what you know—it’s about how you articulate it. We have put together this video to walk you through exactly how to handle the 2026 changes and the notorious “Essay” session. Give it a watch below: The Reality Check Level III isn’t just “Level II with more words.” Here is what you need to keep on your radar for 2026: Pick Your Lane: You now have three specialized pathways (Portfolio Management, Private… Read More

Level III, Uncategorized

23-10-25 Failed the Level III Exam? Sorry To Hear That…

Failed the Level III Exam? Sorry To Hear That…

Level III is a strange exam. In fact, this is the only exam where I come across some very smart and hardworking people failing. This has to do with the format of the exam. Those who study a lot, know a lot and end up writing a lot.  The problem with this approach is that a candidate might do half the paper really well but scramble through the rest… possibly leaving a few questions altogether. The most you can get on a good response is 100%.  If you leave an answer blank you get 0%.  The bottom line is that… Read More

Level III

07-10-25 Your August 2025 Level I Exam Results

Your August 2025 Level I Exam Results

CFA Institute has announced the results for the August 2025 Level I exam. If you know your result, then you have either experienced the joy of passing or the disappointment of falling short. The result time is always slightly awkward for me – because I share the happiness of those who did well, while at the same time, I feel for those who did not make it. You will fall in one of the categories given below. Please click on the link that describes your situation. It is possible that a few of you might not have received your result… Read More

Level I

07-10-25 Advice for those who passed the Aug’25 Level I exam

Advice for those who passed the Aug’25 Level I exam

Congratulations! Passing the Level I exam is the first major milestone on your journey toward the CFA charter and is a major accomplishment. At this stage, you might be wondering whether to take the Level II exam in May 2026(earliest possible) or later, and if so, when to start studying. Whether or not to take the Level II exam in May 2026 should depend on the following: Did you enjoy the Level I material and are you still excited about pursuing a career in investment management? Given your personal and professional commitments, will you have enough time to study for… Read More

Level I

07-10-25 Advice for those who didn’t pass the Aug’25 Level I exam

Advice for those who didn’t pass the Aug’25 Level I exam

If you failed the Level I exam it is natural to feel disappointed, but you must put this temporary setback behind you and move on. Failure was never meant to be a signal to turn back, but instead, an obstacle that the stronger and wiser use to boost themselves up and attain greater heights. Your recent failure might cause you to wonder whether or not to continue with the CFA Program, and if so when to retake the exam. Let us consider the first question: whether to continue with the CFA Program or not. For those who did not pass,… Read More

Level I

08-08-25 LOS Command Words Explained

LOS Command Words Explained

Each reading of the Level III CFA® Program exam contains the Learning Outcome Statements (LOS) to indicate what you should learn from each assignment. The CFA Level III essay exam’s questions consist of the LOS command words, which you should be able to address appropriately to achieve full credit. In other words, you should be able to answer the exam questions if you can successfully accomplish the learning outcomes described by the command words in the LOS. To help you with your exam preparation, IFT has compiled a list of a few LOS Command words that appear in the CFA… Read More

Leave a Comment Level III

06-12-24 IFT Mock Exams for 2025 CFA Level III

IFT Mock Exams for 2025 CFA Level III

2025 CFA Level III Exam has changed! For the 2025 Level III exams, CFA Institute has introduced specialized pathways – two new versions of Level III in Private Wealth and Private Markets – while also keeping their traditional Portfolio Management path. The three versions all have a ‘common core’ of the curriculum at Level III, supplemented by specialized content for each pathway. A lot for someone writing the Level III exam in 2025! How do you crush it? After completing all the IFT video lectures and quizzes, work on the IFT Q Bank and the end-of-reading practice problems of the… Read More

Leave a Comment Level III

06-12-24 How to decide your CFA Level III Specialized Pathway?

How to decide your CFA Level III Specialized Pathway?

The 2025 CFA® Program Level III exam is different from the earlier Level III exams. For the 2025 exam, the CFA Institute has introduced specialized pathways – two new versions, Private Wealth and Private Markets – and the traditional Portfolio Management path. The three versions each have a ‘common core’ of curriculum at Level III, supplemented by specialized content for each Pathway. You can select a path that teaches content more directly related to your interests and aspirations. Structure of Level III Specialized Pathways: You can choose one of three specialized pathway options at registration. Your study materials provided will… Read More

Leave a Comment Level III

10-10-24 Your Level II Exam Results

Your Level II Exam Results

The CFA Level II exam results have been announced. If you know your result, then you have either experienced the joy of passing or the disappointment of falling short. The result time is always slightly awkward for me – because I share the happiness of those who did well, while at the same time, I feel for those who did not make it. For those who took the Level II exam, you will fall in one of the categories given below. Please click on the link that describes your situation. It is possible that a few of you might not… Read More

Level II
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