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LM01 Alternative Investment Features, Methods, and Structures.
LM01 Categories, Characteristics, and Compensation Structures of Alternative Investments
LM01 Corporate Structures and Ownership
LM01 Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features
LM01 Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features.
LM01 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession
LM01 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession.
LM01 Fixed-Income Instrument Features.
LM01 Fixed-Income Securities: Defining Elements
LM01 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
LM01 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis.
LM01 Market Organization & Structure.
LM01 Market Organization and Structure
LM01 Organizational Forms, Corporate Issuer Features, and Ownership.
LM01 Portfolio Management Overview
LM01 Portfolio Management: An Overview.
LM01 Rates and Returns.
LM01 The Firm & Market Structures.
LM01 Time Value of Money
LM01 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis
LM02 Alternative Investment Performance and Returns.
LM02 Analyzing Income Statements.
LM02 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct Profession
LM02 Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct.
LM02 Financial Reporting Standards
LM02 Fixed Income Markets - Issuance Trading and Funding
LM02 Fixed-Income Cash Flows and Types.
LM02 Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments
LM02 Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments.
LM02 Introduction to Corporate Governance and Other ESG Considerations
LM02 Investors and Other Stakeholders.
LM02 Organizing, Visualizing, and Describing Data
LM02 Performance Calculation and Appraisal of Alternative Investments
LM02 Portfolio Risk & Return: Part I.
LM02 Portfolio Risk and Return Part I
LM02 Security Market Indexes
LM02 Security Market Indexes.
LM02 The Firm and Market Structures
LM02 Time Value of Money in Finance.
LM02 Understanding Business Cycles.
LM03 Aggregate Output, Prices and Economic Growth
LM03 Analyzing Balance Sheets.
LM03 Business Models & Risks
LM03 Corporate Governance: Conflicts, Mechanisms, Risks, and Benefits.
LM03 Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses
LM03 Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses.
LM03 Fiscal Policy.
LM03 Fixed-Income Issuance and Trading.
LM03 Guidance for Standards I-VII
LM03 Guidance for Standards I–VII.
LM03 Introduction to Fixed Income Valuation
LM03 Investments in Private Capital: Equity and Debt.
LM03 Market Efficiency
LM03 Market Efficiency.
LM03 Portfolio Risk & Return: Part II.
LM03 Portfolio Risk and Return Part II
LM03 Private Capital, Real Estate, Infrastructure, Natural Resources, and Hedge Funds
LM03 Probability Concepts
LM03 Statistical Measures of Asset Returns.
LM03 Understanding Income Statements
LM04 An Introduction to Asset-Backed Securities
LM04 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I.
LM04 Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives
LM04 Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives.
LM04 Basics of Portfolio Planning & Construction
LM04 Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction.
LM04 Capital Investments
LM04 Common Probability Distributions
LM04 Fixed-Income Markets for Corporate Issuers.
LM04 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
LM04 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS).
LM04 Monetary Policy.
LM04 Overview of Equity Securities
LM04 Overview of Equity Securities.
LM04 Probability Trees and Conditional Expectations.
LM04 Real Estate and Infrastructure.
LM04 Understanding Balance Sheets
LM04 Understanding Business Cycles
LM04 Working Capital and Liquidity.
LM05 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II.
LM05 Capital Investments and Capital Allocation.
LM05 Company Analysis: Past and Present.
LM05 Fixed-Income Markets for Government Issuers.
LM05 Introduction to Geopolitics.
LM05 Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis
LM05 Monetary and Fiscal Policy
LM05 Natural Resources.
LM05 Portfolio Mathematics.
LM05 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts and for an Underlying with Varying Maturities
LM05 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts.
LM05 Sampling and Estimation
LM05 The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
LM05 The Behavioral Biases of Individuals.
LM05 Understanding Cash Flow Statements
LM05 Understanding Fixed-Income Risk and Return
LM05 Working Capital & Liquidity
LM06 Analysis of Inventories.
LM06 Capital Structure.
LM06 Cost of Capital-Foundational Topics
LM06 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
LM06 Financial Analysis Techniques
LM06 Fixed-Income Bond Valuation: Prices and Yields.
LM06 Fundamentals of Credit Analysis
LM06 Hedge Funds.
LM06 Hypothesis Testing
LM06 Industry and Competitive Analysis.
LM06 International Trade.
LM06 Introduction to Geopolitics
LM06 Introduction to Risk Management
LM06 Introduction to Risk Management.
LM06 Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts
LM06 Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts.
LM06 Simulation Methods.
LM07 Analysis of Long-Term Assets.
LM07 Business Models.
LM07 Capital Flows and the FX Market.
LM07 Capital Structure
LM07 Company Analysis: Forecasting.
LM07 Estimation and Inference.
LM07 International Trade and Capital Flows
LM07 Introduction to Digital Assets.
LM07 Introduction to Linear Regression
LM07 Inventories
LM07 Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rate and Other Swaps.
LM07 Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rates and Other Swaps
LM07 Technical Analysis
LM07 Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Fixed-Rate Bonds.
LM08 Currency Exchange Rates
LM08 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools.
LM08 Exchange Rate Calculations.
LM08 Fintech in Investment Management
LM08 Hypothesis Testing.
LM08 Long Lived Assets
LM08 Measures of Leverage
LM08 Pricing and Valuation of Options
LM08 Pricing and Valuation of Options.
LM08 Topics in Long-Term Liabilities and Equity.
LM08 Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments.
LM09 Analysis of Income Taxes.
LM09 Income Taxes
LM09 Option Replication Using Put-Call Parity
LM09 Option Replication Using Put–Call Parity.
LM09 Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests of Independence.
LM09 The Term Structure of Interest Rates: Spot, Par, and Forward Curves.
LM10 Financial Reporting Quality.
LM10 Interest Rate Risk and Return.
LM10 Non-current (Long-Term) Liabilities
LM10 Simple Linear Regression.
LM10 Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model
LM10 Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model.
LM11 Financial Analysis Techniques.
LM11 Financial Reporting Quality
LM11 Introduction to Big Data Techniques.
LM11 Yield-Based Bond Duration Measures and Properties.
LM12 Applications of Financial Statement Analysis
LM12 Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling.
LM12 Yield-Based Bond Convexity and Portfolio Properties.
LM13 Curve-Based and Empirical Fixed-Income Risk Measures.
LM14 Credit Risk.
LM15 Credit Analysis for Government Issuers.
LM16 Credit Analysis for Corporate Issuers.
LM17 Fixed-Income Securitization.
LM18 Asset-Backed Security (ABS) Instrument and Market Features.
LM19 Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS) Instrument and Market Features.
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09-06-23 2024 Level III CFA Program Changes

2024 Level III CFA Program Changes

Each year CFA Institute makes changes to the exam curriculum. This year there are some major revisions and some minor revisions to the Level III curriculum. There are minor changes in the revised readings. The changes in the LOS for the revised readings are given below. The material remains the same primarily from the concept testing point of view. Data in Examples and Exhibits have been updated to make it more relevant for 2024, but that does not change the concepts taught in 2023. Some text has been added to the revised readings to introduce the candidates to say a… Read More

Level III

10-08-22 2023 Level II CFA Program Changes

2023 Level II CFA Program Changes

Each year CFA Institute makes changes to the exam curriculum. This year there have been a small number of changes to the LII curriculum. There are 49 learning modules in the 2023 Level II curriculum versus 47 readings in 2022. (The CFA Institute has made this change: A Reading is now referred to as Learning Module (LM) for each topic.) 5 readings from 2022 were dropped: Introduction to Linear Regression Capital Structure Mergers & Acquisitions Capital Budgeting Return Concepts 1 new reading was added: Cost of Capital: Advanced Topics 6 readings were updated. Multiple regression content has been divided into… Read More

Level II

10-05-22 2023 Level III CFA Program Changes

2023 Level III CFA Program Changes

CFA Institute periodically updates its curriculum for the CFA Exam. The regular updates are meant to stay up to date with the innovations and challenges of the investment management industry. However, for the 2023 exam year, there are no changes from the Level III 2022 curriculum. This may partly be due to the many changes we saw in 2022. To see the changes introduced in 2022 click here. This is good news for those candidates who may need to re-take the Level III exam in 2023! IFT Level III Exam Prep Packages are available now, start your studies now with… Read More

Level III

20-07-21 2022 Level III CFA Program Changes

2022 Level III CFA Program Changes

Each year CFA Institute makes changes to the exam curriculum. This year there are some major revisions and some minor revisions to the LIII curriculum. There are 35 readings in the 2022 Level III curriculum versus 38 in 2021. 2 readings from 2021 are dropped: R04 Professionalism in the Investment Industry R07 The Behavioral Finance Perspective 1 new reading is added: R30 Integrated Cases in Risk Management: Institutional 8 readings are updated. Ethics & GIPS are moved to the end. Overview of Fixed-Income Portfolio Management → Minor Changes Liability-Driven and Index-Based Strategies → Minor Changes Yield Curve Strategies → Major Changes… Read More

Level III

20-05-21 2022 Level II CFA Program Changes

2022 Level II CFA Program Changes

Each year CFA Institute makes changes to the exam curriculum. This year there have been a small number of changes to the LII curriculum. There are 47 readings in the 2022 Level II curriculum versus 48 in 2021. 4 readings from 2021 were dropped: R04 Trade Allocation: Fair Dealing and Disclosure R05 Changing Investment Objectives R09 Excerpt from “Probabilistic Approaches: Scenario Analysis, Decision Trees and Simulations” R40 Publicly Traded Real Estate Securities 1 new reading was added: R41 Backtesting & Simulation 11 readings were updated. Ethics has been moved to the end. ‘Corporate Finance’ has been renamed to ‘Corporate Issuers’…. Read More

Level II

23-01-19 Advice To Those Who Don’t Pass the Level I Exam

Dear December Level I Candidates, If you have failed the exam; always remember failure is not fatal. If you are interested in my thoughts on what to do next please read on. I did not make it. What next? For those who do not pass the Level I exam, the typical advice is to keep trying; however, I suggest a more thoughtful approach.  Put the result on the side for a moment and ask yourself whether you really enjoyed the subject matter?  Do a post-audit on why you did not make it.  Was it because you did not have enough… Read More

Leave a Comment Level I

31-08-18 2019 Level II Program Changes

2019 Level II Program Changes

Each year CFA Institute makes changes to the exam curriuculum. For details on what has been added, removed or changed for Level II please see the chart here: Level II 2019-2020 Program Changes by IFT To learn more about the Level II exam and make your study strategy…watch this video post If you have any comments or questions please visit the   IFT Help Desk Best Regards, Arif Irfanullah, CFA

Level II

14-03-18 Level II Study Advice – March 2018

Level II Study Advice – March 2018

With about 3 months left for the exam it is crunch time.   Spend as much time as possible studying and make your study time as productive as possible.  Here are some do and don’ts: With every reading focus on the main points; do not get hung up on the details.  (If you try to understand the depth of every single point you’ll not have time to practice… which is suicide.) Understand the curriculum examples… especially the ones which are relatively short and focused.  Some examples seem to go on and on.  At this stage it does not make sense to… Read More

Level II

22-01-18 Advice to Those Who Pass the Level I Exam

Dear December 2017 Level I Candidates, Tomorrow, the moment of truth will come.  I’m sure you have been anxiously waiting for your Level I result.  You will experience the agony of failure or the thrill of victory. If you have cleared the exam, this is indeed a milestone. If you are interested in my thoughts on what to do next read on. I passed the exam.  What next? About this time every year, I get the same question from successful Level I candidates: should I take the Level II exam in June this year? As with so many other situations… Read More

Level I
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